Material fabrication processes can gradually create changes in the material’s final properties; thus, to verify the material’s final quality and comprehend any inconsistencies, scientists need a ...

Quality control (QC) is a critical step in the pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical industry. Every manufacturer must demonstrate that its drugs are consistently produced, safe, potent, and pure. The ...

In any chemical analysis, the most important step is sample preparation. The purity of the sample should be ensured before taking a measurement to obtain the optimum results when using any elemental ...

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a very popular analysis tool for 3D surface topology visualization and other measurements on a wide range of materials at nanoscales ...

As a surface-sensitive technique, the diffraction signal comes from the top few nanometers of the crystal lattice in EBSD. Hence, the top layer needs to be devoid of oxidation, contamination and ...