Achieving small transverse beam emittance is important for high brightness cathodes for free electron lasers and electron diffraction and imaging experiments. Double-gate field emitter arrays with ...

The transverse load P will produce a shear force V in the positive y direction on a mathematical cut through the beam at point “a”. This shear force is directly responsible for the shear stress τ on ...

Polarization is one of the fundamental yet fascinating properties of transverse waves, as light waves, gravitational waves, and sound waves in solids, i.e. it plays an important part in optics, ...

Say we consider a beam made up of thin layers (laminae) aligned with the longitudinal axis of the beam, and for which the laminae can slide with respect to each other along the longitudinal axis as ...