What could be more basic than a voltage reference—a simple, constant reference voltage? As with all design topics, there are tradeoffs. This article discusses the different types of voltage references ...

For a variety of reasons, designers often discover that their creations need yet more power-supply voltages. For example, a system powered by ±2.5V power supplies suddenly needs a precision –1.4V ...

The voltage reference sets the limit to the input analog signal that the ADC can resolve. Equation 1 is the ideal transfer function of an ADC where the output code—in decimal form—is computed by the ...

In this 21st century environment, we change gadgets every year and expect them to work correctly, even if they don’t last all that long. They usually only survive until the next revision comes out, ...

Applications sometimes require the generation of a voltage that is below the reference rail. Many design engineers would just use a second regulator to generate this voltage. However, a simple change ...

CMOS voltage reference circuits are integral to modern electronic systems, providing a stable and reproducible voltage that underpins the performance of myriad integrated devices. These circuits ...